Combination of the surfactant-free nonaqueous sol–gel approach with the microwave technique makes it possible to synthesize Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, MnFe2O4, and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles of about 5–6 nm and with high crystallinity and good morphological uniformity. The synthesis involves the reaction of metal acetates or acetylacetonates as precursors with benzyl alcohol at 170 C under microwave irradiatio...

The kinetics of the reaction between malachite green and hidroxide ion was studied in several binary mixtures of water with alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol) and aprotic solvents (DMSO). In all solvents, the selective (preferential) solvation is present. A method for estimating the dielectric constant in the solvation shell and the constant of preferential s...

Throughout the 1980s, the development of portable electronic products such as video cameras, notebook computers, and cell phones led to a growing need for rechargeable batteries with greater capacity, or reduced size and weight for a given capacity. However, conventional rechargeable batteries such as lead–acid batteries and nickel–cadmium batteries, as well as nickel–metalhydride batteries, wh...

A method has been described for measurement of the oxidation-reduction potentials of redox couples in nonaqueous solutions. This method has been applied to a study of the effect of a nonpolar environment on the redox potential of a heme complex. A positive potential difference of some 300 mV is observed for the measured redox potentials by comparison with reported values for the corresponding h...

The synthesis of L-ascorbyl flurbiprofenate was achieved by esterification and transesterification in nonaqueous organic medium with Novozym 435 lipase as biocatalyst. The conversion was greatly influenced by the kinds of organic solvents, speed of agitation, catalyst loading amount, reaction time, and molar ratio of acyl donor to L-ascorbic acid. A series of solvents were investigated, and ter...

Nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions were isolated from various tissues of the rat by a nonaqueous technique. The high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins were extracted from these fractions with acid and separated by one- and two-dimensional PAGE. The concentrations of high-mobility-group proteins HMG1, HMG2, and HMG17 in the nucleus and cytoplasm were then estimated from the staining intensities of th...

Low-barrier or short, strong hydrogen bonds have been proposed to contribute 10 to 20 kilocalories per mole to transition-state stabilization in enzymatic catalysis. The proposal invokes a large increase in hydrogen bond energy when the pKa values of the donor and acceptor (where Ka is the acid constant) become matched in the transition state (delta pKa=0). This hypothesis was tested by investi...

The electrochemical properties of cytochrome c (cyt c) immobilized on multilayer nanozeolite-modified electrodes have been examined in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions. Layers of Linde type-L zeolites were assembled on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass electrodes followed by the adsorption of cyt c, primarily via electrostatic interactions, onto modified ITO electrodes. The heme protein displayed a ...

ConspectusHigh-energy density, efficient, robust, and environmentally friendly electrical energy storage conversion systems are crucial for ensuring the resilience of power grids enabling effective use intermittent renewable sources like solar wind power. These have also been gaining more attention applications in electric vehicles. Metal–air/O2 batteries, particularly zinc–air (aqueous) lithiu...