Abstract The monthly mean sunspot number has been larger in June–July 2023 than the double peak of solar cycle 24 (146 February 2014 and 139 November 2011) brings us back to level 23. However, rocket launches, satellites orbit private space companies increased dramatically past 20 years. Additionally, there is a growing interest for exploration beyond Earth's orbit, Moon beyond, which comes wit...

Equiform geometry is considered an extension of other geometries. Furthermore, equiform frame a generalization the Frenet frame. In this study, we begin by defining term “equiform parameter (EQP)”, frame”, and formulas (EQF)” in regard to Minkowski three-space. Second, define spacelike normal curves (SPN) three-space present variety descriptions these with (EQS) or timelike (EQN) principal norm...