The leather industry, which is dubbed "Noxious" around the world, an essential element of Kasur's industrial heritage. Hundreds individuals in Kasur are directly or indirectly involved tanning leather. study's goal to determine effects environmental deterioration caused by tanneries on economic lives residents. Crop output declines due detrimental impacts waste emissions surrounding soil, posin...

in the present study, the effects of formalin as a peripheral noxious stimulus on spontaneously active units of the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (pgi), a narrow region of the ventral pontine reticular formation, was examined in urethane anesthetized rats. spontaneous discharge of the pgi neurons was variable, ranging from i to 37 spikes per second. formalin as a chemical irritant a...

In order to deal effectively with danger, it is imperative to know about it. This is what nociceptors do--these primary sensory neurons are specialized to detect intense stimuli and represent, therefore, the first line of defense against any potentially threatening or damaging environmental inputs. By sensing noxious stimuli and contributing to the necessary reactions to avoid them--rapid withd...

introduction: this study aimed to examine the effects of induced inflammatory tooth pain on anxiety level in adult male rats. methods: the mandibular incisors of 56 adult male rats were cut off and prefabricated crowns were fixed on the teeth. formalin and capsaicin were injected intradentally to induce inflammatory tooth pain. diazepam treated group received diazepam 30 minutes before intraden...

The ability to sense environmental temperature as pleasant or unpleasant is associated with the activity of thermo-sensitive neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Differential sensation of pleasant environmental temperatures (warm and cool) versus unpleasant and noxious (cold and hot) temperatures requires the definition of thresholds and temperature ranges for activating thermonociceptors....

Brainstem neurons that are thought to modulate pain are reported to have state-dependent discharge rates. Yet, the effect of behavioral state upon nociceptive transmission has not been well studied. Therefore, we examined responses to noxious thermal stimulation of the rat hindpaw presented during different behavioral states. Noxious thermal stimuli were applied to rats as they spontaneously cy...