Software engineering education today faces two challenges. One challenge comes from the changing perceptions of what learning is about, a shift from objectivist learning which views learning as the transmission of knowledge from the teacher to the learner to constructivist learning which regards learning less as the product of transmission than a process of active construction. The second chall...

In contrast to the "normativist" view, "naturalist" theorists claim that the concept of health refers to natural or normal states and propose different characterizations of healthy and diseased conditions that are meant to be objectivist and biologically grounded. In this article, we examine the core concept of these naturalist accounts of disease, i.e., the concept of biological malfunction, a...

[This paper is part of the Focused Collection on Qualitative Methods in PER: A Critical Examination.] Since beginning 21st century, appropriation sociocultural perspective by physics education research community has represented a linguistic turn field, pointing out promising path to overcome dominance “individual paradigm,” both terms student learning and initial continuing teacher training. Th...

the term paradigm hase penetrated in the web of many fields form natural to social sciences. therefore, for each researcher, understanding it's concept and dimensions is necessary. it is become to a common term in philsophy of science. there are many definitions of paradigm, but we can define it as: a set of believes and basic assumptions that are reflected in the ontology, epistemology an...

This paper traces the development of the notions of dispersion, in demography and in probability, distinguishing two main meanings for this term: the one first, to scatter, to cast here and there; in second, to separate the elements, to break the unity of a set. This development was initiated by the work of Pascal and Fermat for probability and Graunt for political arithmetic, during the second...

We tend to regard consciousness as a fundamentally subjective phenomenon, yet we can only study it scientifically if it has objective, publicly visible, manifestations. This creates a central, recurring, tension in consciousness science which remains unresolved. On one ‘objectivist’ view, consciousness is not merely revealed but endowed by the process of reporting which makes it publicly access...

One of the fundamental problems of epistemology is to say when the evidence in an agent’s possession justifies the beliefs she holds. In this paper and its prequel, we defend the Bayesian solution to this problem by appealing to the following fundamental norm: Accuracy An epistemic agent ought to minimize the inaccuracy of her partial beliefs. In the prequel, we made this norm mathematically pr...

When explaining someone’s behavior, reference is often made to Theory of Mind concepts like beliefs (”she believed it was the right thing to do”) or desires (”she wanted to”). Less appreciated is the explanatory potential for descriptive and prescriptive norms (e.g., ”she returned the wallet because it was the right thing to do”). One possibility is that norms serve as explanations only when me...

The missing of an appropriate semantics of agent communication languages is one of the most challenging issues of contemporary AI. Although several approaches to this problem exist, none of them is really suitable for dealing with agent autonomy, which is the decisive property of artificial agents. This work introduces a novel approach to the semantics of agent communication, which combines the...

This paper aims to balance the conceptual reception of Bourdieu‘s sociology in the United States through a conceptual re-examination of the concept of Habitus. I retrace the intellectual lineage of the Habitus idea, showing it to have roots in Claude Levi-Strauss structural anthropology and in the developmental psychology of Jean Piaget, especially the latter‘s generalization of the idea of ope...