Traveling to high altitudes can expose the eye to reduced ambient cold and low-pressure environments. These conditions can affect the physiology of the eye and may result in ocular problems and visual disturbances. In this paper, ocular disorders related to high altitudes are briefly reviewed. Then, high-altitude ocular disorders are categorized in three parts: those related to dry and cold env...

Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 2 (CFEOM2) is a complex strabismus syndrome that results from mutations in the homeodomain transcription factor PHOX2A. To define the clinical and neuroimaging features of patients with this autosomal recessive syndrome, we studied 15 patients with genetically defined CFEOM2. All patients underwent full neurological, neuro-ophthalmological and...

BACKGROUND An adolescent girl had isolated abnormal downward gaze and oculovestibular (cold caloric) testing during propofol administration, prompting concern for brainstem abnormality. PATIENT An otherwise healthy 16-year-old girl presented after an intentional hanging. Brainstem reflexes were normal except that both eyes exhibited tonic downward gaze on initial examination. After propofol w...

PURPOSE To compare responses to vertical and horizontal optokinetic (OK) stimulation in patients with disorders of ocular alignment. METHODS Using the magnetic search coil technique, we measured horizontal and vertical rotations of both eyes in six patients with strabismus since childhood and eight normal subjects. The OK stimulus subtended 72 degrees horizontally and 60 degrees vertically, c...

PURPOSE To examine the concordance of the Glaucoma Hemifield Test and other global visual field indexes between two consecutive automated visual field tests. METHODS Normal subjects, subjects with ocular hypertension, and subjects with glaucoma had two automated visual field tests on the Humphrey Field Analyzer. The Glaucoma Hemifield Test results, mean deviation, and corrected pattern standa...

See-saw nystagmus is a rare ocular abnormality, only 15 cases having been recorded to date (Maddox, 1914; Rucker, 1946; Larsen, 1957; Jensen, 1959; Smith and Mark, 1959; Mark, Smith, and Kjellberg, 1960; Lourie, 1963; Schurr, 1963; Kinder and Howard, 1963; Slatt and Nykiel, 1964; and Daroff, 1965). As initially described by Maddox (1914), the eye movements consist of regular reciprocating oscil...

Congenital bilateral microphthalmos is a rare malformation of the eye, which ranges from extreme to mild reduction of total axial length. Microphthalmos may occur as an isolated ocular abnormality or as part of a systemic disorder, and different classifications of the condition have been attempted. We describe a large pedigree with 14 persons in four generations affected with bilateral micropht...

PURPOSE To study the ocular histopathologic features in eyes of children with fatal suspected child abuse. DESIGN Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS One hundred eighteen autopsy cases of known or suspected child abuse. METHODS The ocular autopsy and histopathologic features of a cohort of consecutive cases of known or presumed child abuse submitted by Maryland's Office of the Chief M...