Many ocular inflammatory and proliferative diseases require long-term pharmacological intervention/treatment. However, delivery of drugs in therapeutic levels to the back of the eye is challenging using conventional topical application, due to the poor efficacy. Systemic injections of drugs pose severe adverse effects. Direct injection into the eye may need surgical intervention. In the recent ...

Topical administration is the most common route of ocular drug delivery. Despite its apparent easy accessibility, the eye is well protected from foreign materials and drugs by a number of very efficient mechanisms such as blinking, induced lacrimation, tear turnover, nasolacrimal drainage, which cause rapid removal of substances from the eye surface and by the cornea, which forms the physical-b...

Ocular drug delivery is limited both by patient acceptability and by the limited time that the dosage form is retained within the precorneal region. The timely gelation and retention of in situ-gelling ophthalmic formulations would be fundamental to improve the efficacy of drugs. The aim of this investigation was to develop ocular drug delivery system with simplicity in installation for patient...

Ophthalmic In-situ gels are viscous polymer‐based liquids that exhibit sol‐to‐gel phase transition on the ocular surface due to change in a specific physicochemical parameter like ionic strength, pH or temperature Gel dosage forms are successfully used as drug delivery systems considering their ability to prolong the drug release. To prolong the precorneal resident time and improve ocular bioav...

A pharmacokinetic model of ocular drug delivery has been developed for describing the elimination and distribution of ocular drugs in the eye. The model, based on Fick's second law of diffusion, assumes a modified cylindrical eye with three pathways for drug transport across the surface of the eye: the anterior aqueous chamber, the posterior aqueous chamber and the retina/choroids/scleral membr...

Transport of drugs applied by traditional dosage forms is restricted to the eye, and therapeutic drug concentrations in the target tissues are not maintained for a long duration since the eyes are protected by a unique anatomy and physiology. For the treatment of the anterior segment of the eye, various droppable products to prolong the retention time on the ocular surface have been introduced ...

An inch or less. That is the short distance an ocular drug must travel to reach a target site at the back of the eye. Research has traveled a long way over the past 4 decades in efforts to make this inch-long journey more successful. Delivering ocular drugs to their target tissues often requires them to traverse the fatwater-fat structure of the corneal barrier, while ensuring minimum wastage t...

Blindness is a major health concern worldwide that has a powerful impact on afflicted individuals and their families, and is associated with enormous socio-economical consequences. The Middle East is heavily impacted by blindness, and the problem there is augmented by an increasing incidence of diabetes in the population. An appropriate drug/gene delivery system that can sustain and deliver the...