Production of live attenuated oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) requires rigorous neurovirulence safety testing of each vaccine lot, currently carried out in monkeys. It has been reported that a change from 472-U to 472-C in the type 3 OPV RNA is associated with an increased histologic lesion score produced upon intraspinal inoculation of the mutant virus in monkeys. We have developed a method, ...

BACKGROUND Detailed cost analysis is an important tool for review of health policy and reforms. We provide an estimate of cost of service and its detailed breakup on out-door patient visits (OPV) to basic health units (BHU) in Pakistan. METHOD Six BHUs were randomly selected from each of the five districts in Khyber Pukhtonkhawa (KPK) and two agencies in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (F...

After exposure to the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), immunocompetent persons excrete poliovirus (PV) vaccine strains for a limited period. In contrast, immunodeficient individuals remain sometimes chronically infected, and in some cases, PV excretion times as long as 10 years have been reported. During prolonged replication in the human intestine, the PV vaccine strain almost invariably reverts...

Since the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988, circulation of indigenous wild poliovirus (WPV) has continued without interruption in only three countries: Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan. During April-December 2013, a polio outbreak caused by WPV type 1 (WPV1) of Nigerian origin resulted in 217 cases in or near the Horn of Africa, including 194 cases in Somalia, ...

Iodine deficiency is a major cause of impaired mental development, goitre, and cretinism in many parts of the world. Because existing immunization programmes can be used to deliver oral iodized oil (OIO) to infants at risk, it was important to know whether OIO could adversely affect the antibody response to vaccines, such as trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). A randomized, double-blind, p...

OBJECTIVE Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) is a rare but serious consequence of the administration of oral polio vaccine (OPV). Intensified OPV administration has reduced wild poliovirus transmission in India but VAPP is becoming a matter of concern. METHODS We analysed acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance data in order to estimate the VAPP risk in this country. VAPP wa...

The authors investigated the possibility of an association between oral polio vaccine (OPV) and intussusception by linking Scottish vaccination and hospitalization data sets and performing self-controlled case series analysis. The issue was important because rotavirus vaccine, another live oral virus vaccine, was withdrawn from the market in 1999 after studies showed a strong association with i...

An oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) (OPV) dimer, whose OPV units are capped on their end by monotopic melamine hydrogen-bonding units, self-assembles in methylcyclohexane to form flexible fibrous nanostructures, which are transformed into rigid nanostrips upon adding ditopic cyanurates and reconverted to nanofibers upon adding a m-xylylene-linked bismelamine.

CONTEXT Achieving successful eradication of a disease requires global cooperation to obtain a shared goal. Coordination of the endgame may seem an obvious requirement for success, but that does not ensure that cooperation will occur. OBJECTIVE To analytically explore the need for cooperation to maintain global polio eradication specifically related to creation of a global polio vaccine stockp...