The purpose of this paper is to introduce the idea how construct transfinite numbers and study arithmetic. research method used a literature review, which involves collecting various sources such as scientific papers books related Cantorian set theory, infinity, ordinal or arithmetic, well connection between infinity theology. also constructing objects study, namely finite ordinals ordinals, ex...

As currently practiced, value-added assessment relies on a strong assumption about the scales used to measure student achievement, namely that these are interval scales, with equal-sized gains at all points on the scale representing the same increment of learning. Many of the metrics in which test results are expressed do not have this property (e.g., percentile ranks, normal curve equivalents)...

Although this article is long, we believe that it is worth reading. It answers the most fundamental question that patient safety professionals have asked: How do we measure the overall safety attitudes score of each person? Broadly speaking, we showed how to structuralize various safety-related traits in one’s mind, using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire-Korean version as an example. We appli...

Many situations exist in which a latent construct has both ordinal and continuous indicators. This presents a problem for the applied researcher because standard measurement models are not designed to accommodate mixed ordinal and continuous data. I address this problem by formulating a measurement model that is appropriate for such mixed multivariate responses. This model unifies standard norm...

Self-reports are a key source of information in consumer research. Unfortunately, self-reports are highly context dependent, and this problem is compounded when comparisons across cohorts or cultures are of interest. Age-related changes in cognitive functioning and cultural differences in cognition and communication influence the response process, resulting in differential context effects that ...

Linear factor analysis (FA) models can be reliably tested using test statistics based on residual covariances. We show that the same statistics can be used to reliably test the fit of item response theory (IRT) models for ordinal data (under some conditions). Hence, the fit of an FA model and of an IRT model to the same data set can now be compared. When applied to a binary data set, our experi...

introduction: musculoskeletal pain accompanied by psychological problem lead to reduce the efficiency of adolescents; so, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and its association with psychological factors among female adolescents. materials and methods: the target population of this cross sectional study was female students (3625 in total) from both private and ...

In the behavioral sciences, response variables are often noncontinuous, common types being dichotomous, ordinal or nominal variables, counts and durations. Conventional structural equation models (SEMs) have thus been generalized to accommodate different kinds of responses.

Data ......................................................................................................................483 Response and Explanatory Variables ..........................................................483 Weights ............................................................................................................484 Missing Data ...........................................