Studies in modern ecology indicate that most species are distributed independently along environmental gradients according to their individual requirements. Steep gradients often produce species associations separated by discontinuities; gradual gradients produce broadly-overlapping distributions. Approaching the distribution of species populations as a continuum, using gradient analysis, avoid...

The coastal regions of the northeast Pacific support large, economically valuable fishery resources and provide nursery areas for many fish species. Over the last few decades, there have been dramatic shifts in species abundance and composition in this area. In this paper, we examine the springtime spatial patterns in the ichthyoplankton of three oceanographically different regions, the Southea...

The NHS and Social Care in England are facing one of the biggest financial challenges for a generation. Commissioners and providers need to work on collaborative schemes to manage the increasing demand on health and social care within a period of financial constraint. Different forms of care co-ordination have been developed at different levels across the world. In the north-west of England, th...

Ordination is a generic name for methods for providing a low-dimensionaL view of points in multi-dimensional space, such that “similar” objects are near each other and dissimilar objects are separated. The plot(s) from an ordination in 2 or 3 dimensions may provide useful visual clues on clusters in the data and on outliers. If data can be separated into known classes that should be reflected i...

the distribution of macroinvertebrate communities from 5 sampling sites of the tajan river were used to examine the relationship among physiochemical parameters with macroinvertebrate communities and also to assess ecological classification system as a tool for the management and conservation purposes. the amount of variation explained in macroinvertebrate taxa composition is within values repo...

Biological control using natural antagonists has been a most successful management tool against alien invasive plants that threaten biodiversity. The selection of candidate agents remains a critical step in a biocontrol program before more elaborate and time-consuming experiments are conducted. Here, we propose a biogeographic approach to identify candidates and combinations of candidates to po...

This paper addresses the problem of division of labour as an evolutionary process in which co-ordinated agents attempt problem-solving as a search in problem space. Co-ordination stress and learning trigger adaptation but as complexity rises radical solutions are sought prompting radical organisational as well as technological change. The analytical issues involved are further explored by resor...