Background The inflammation induced by monosodium urate (MSU) and calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals is driven interleukin (IL)-1β production. This later relies on NLRP3 inflammasome which can be activated variation of ion concentration. Objectives To assess the role osmolarity water flux in MSU CPP crystal-induced inflammation. Methods In vitro, THP1 monocytes were stimulated pyrogen-free sy...

Epidemiological studies demonstrate an increase in age-related prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) and its higher occurrence women. In addition to alterations structures producing tear film, the reduction androgen levels other regulating hormones is important for DED development. The role estrogens progesterone regulation lacrimal meibomian gland activity still disputable. Additional factors de...

The aim of this article is to review the development in assessment tear film with osmolarity techniques. Also, find out average score for normal and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) patients based on published work.
 use techniques has been started about 50 years ago. Over last a number researchers have investigated human osmolarity. two procedures. first procedure which old, that involves...

background: control of the medium osmolarity and temperature during long or short time sperm manipulation is essential. objective: the objectives of the present study were to find the effects of different osmolarities of modified tyrode's solution and milk on the bull sperm during incubation at above zero temperatures. materials and methods: semen samples were collected twice from five najdi bu...

viii The antibacterial activity of acetic acid is usually explained by weak acid theory, involving diffusion of the undissociated moiety followed by dissociation and cytoplasm acidification, and acetate anion accumulation and toxicity. These proposed mechanisms are ultimately mediated at the level of the cell envelope and, in particular, the cytoplasmic membrane. The most obvious changes due to...

Objective
 To evaluate tear functions and Meibomian glands’
 status in patients with cutaneous rosacea.
 Material Methods
 Right eyes of 38 rosacea
 (study group) 30 healthy volunteers (control
 were evaluated. After Ocular Surface Disease
 Index (OSDI) score was calculated, osmolarity
 break-up time (T-BUT) measured, and
 the Schirmer test applied r...