Intertidal macroalgae are regularly exposed to hypo- or hypersaline conditions which stressful. However, red algae in New Zealand generally poorly studied terms of salinity tolerance. Consequently, two native (Bostrychia arbuscula W. H. Harvey [Ceramiales], Champia novae-zelandiae [J. D. Hooker & Harvey] [Rhodymeniales]) and one introduced algal taxon (Schizymenia spp. J. Agardh [Nemastomatales...

Background: Betaine is a protein found in shellfish, spinach and wheat bran. Betaine’s main physiological function to act as methyl donor an osmolyte. also functions osmolyte, ensuring that the avian’s cellular water ion balance are maintained. It may protect variety of intestinal bacteria against osmotic changes resulting increased microbial fermentation activity. Adding betaine chicken diets ...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is an opportunistic pathogen with an exceptional ability to adapt to a range of environments. Part of its adaptive potential is the ability to survive drastic osmolarity changes. Upon a sudden dilution of external medium, such as during exposure to rain, bacteria evade mechanical rupture by engaging tension-activated channels that act as osmolyte release valves. In t...

Dinophysis is the main dinoflagellate genus responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in human consumers of filter feeding bivalves contaminated with lipophilic toxins. Species this have a worldwide distribution driven by environmental conditions (temperature, irradiance, salinity, nutrients etc.), and these factors are sensitive to climate change. The D. acuminata-complex may contain...

The halophilic methanoarchaeon Methanohalophilus portucalensis can synthesize the osmolyte betaine de novo in response to extracellular salt stress. Betaine is generated by the stepwise methylation of glycine to form sarcosine, N, N-dimethylglycine and betaine by using S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) as the methyl donor. The complete gene cluster of Mpgsmt-sdmt was cloned from Southern hybridi...

contains a total concentration of amino acids 50–100 times that which is normal for mammalian plasma (Wigglesworth, 1972). Total haemolymph amino acid concentrations vary from 16 mmol l–1 in aquatic midges (Chironomus tentans; Firling, 1977) to 33 mmol l–1 in black flies (Simulium venustum; Gordon and Bailey, 1974), 54 mmol l–1 in blow flies (Calliphora vicina; Evans and Crossley, 1974), 90 mmo...

Abstract Many bacteria form the second messenger nucleotide cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP). This molecule is essential for many of that produce it due to its central role in control potassium and osmolyte homeostasis. Moreover, under conditions starvation, a c-di-AMP target protein can trigger (p)ppGpp accumulation thus global reprogramming cellular activities. formed by pathogens binds human STING t...