INTRODUCTION Diuretics enhance the renal excretion of Na(+) and water due to a direct action at different tubular sites of the nephron where solute re-absorption occurs. AREAS COVERED This paper focuses on the mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics, antihypertensive effects, adverse effects, interactions and contraindications of loop diuretics and potassium-sparing agents (including mineraloco...

Background: Recurrent abortion is defined as three or more consecutive pregnancy losses. We aimed to determine the relationship between male sperm parameters and hypo-osmotic swelling score and recurrent abortion. We also studied whether washing of spermatozoa and intrauterine insemination in patients with recurrent miscarriage and low score hypo-osmotic swelling test in male partners could imp...