Sub-single-cycle pulses in the mid-infrared (MIR) region were generated through a laser-induced filament. The fundamental (ω1) and second harmonic (ω2) output of a 30-fs Ti:sapphire amplifier were focused into nitrogen gas and produce phase-stable broadband MIR pulses (ω0) by using a four-wave mixing process (ω1 + ω1 − ω2 → ω0) through filamentation. The spectrum spread from 400 cm−1 to 5500 cm...

The accuracy of phylogenetic inference can be significantly improved by the addition of more taxa and by increasing the spatial coverage of sampling. In previous studies, the brown mussel Perna perna showed a sister-lineage relationship between eastern and western individuals contiguously distributed along the South African coastline. We used mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (ITS) sequence data ...

Abstract. We present an elementary model of random size varying population given by a stationary continuous state branching process. For this model we compute the joint distribution of: the time to the most recent common ancestor, the size of the current population and the size of the population just before the most recent common ancestor (MRCA). In particular we show a natural mild bottleneck ...

1 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, P. R. China. 2 College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China. 3 Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea. 4 De...

In a population of constant size, whose family sizes evolve as Wright-Fisher diffusions, all individuals alive at time t have a most recent common ancestor (MRCA) who lived at time A(t), say. The process (A(t)) has piecewise constant paths. At each jump time En, a new MRCA takes over, who lived at time Bn := A(En). We construct the random sequence (Bn, En) in terms of a look-down process and in...

It has recently been suggested that HCV genotype 2 (HCV-2) was more recently introduced to Cameroon (Middle Africa) than West African countries. In order to explore the relationships among HCV-2 strains from Cameroon and West Africa, and to estimate the epidemic history of each lineage, a recently-developed Bayesian evolutionary analysis approach was used. The estimated date of the most recent ...

attention to the physical and physiological needs of a soccer referee plays an important role in his performance in a match as in order to regulate the rules of the game, the referee should track the event and players by moving inside the pitch continually with no restriction. the aim of this research was to study the variations in workload, heart rate and blood lactate in elite soccer referees...

Our objective was to determine whether data from a previous study using model milk emulsions to characterize the influence of variation in fatty acid chain length and unsaturation on mid-infrared (MIR) fat predictions could be used to identify a strategy to improve the accuracy of MIR fat predictions on a population of farm milks with a wide variation in fatty acid chain length and unsaturation...