Though a seemingly simple notion, defining a clear research question or hypothesis at the conception of a clinical study can be a daunting task for investigators. Through the TRILOGY ACS study, Bakal and colleagues illustrate that subtle changes in the primary outcome definition foraclinical trialmayresult in substantial changes in theanalytical methods, altering the overall interpretation of t...

Using media with low water activity, a large numbers of aureobasidium-like black yeasts were isolated from glacial and subglacial ice of three polythermal glaciers from the coastal Arctic environment of Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Spitsbergen), as well as from adjacent sea water, sea ice and glacial meltwaters. To characterise the genetic variability of Aureobasidium pullulans strains originating f...

Incorporation of the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine, into proteins is specified in all three domains of life by dynamic translational redefinition of UGA codons. In eukarya and archaea, selenocysteine insertion requires a cis-acting selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) usually located in the 3'UTR of selenoprotein mRNAs. Here we present comparative sequence analysis and experimental data ...

Recent studies of multisensory integration compel a redefinition of fundamental sensory processes, including, but not limited to, how visual inputs influence the localization of sounds and suppression of their echoes.

We define a specialization inheritance mechanism for object-oriented programming, admitting covariant redefinition of both methods and instance variables in subclassing. We investigate on the semantic weakness that makes such very flexible inheritance infeasible for a statically type-checked programming language supporting polymorphic assignment and polymorphic method invocation. We show that t...

The evolution of ontologies is an undisputed necessity in ontology-based data integration. Yet, few research efforts have focused on addressing the need to reflect the evolution of ontologies used as global schemata onto the underlying data integration systems. In most of these approaches, when ontologies change their relations with the data sources, i.e., the mappings, are recreated manually, ...

While both theoretical and empirical studies of question-answering have revealed the inadequacy of traditional definitions of Ve*-no questions (YNQs), little progress has been made toward a more satisfactory redefinition. This paper reviews the limitations of several proposed revisions. It proposes a new definition of YNQs baaed upon research on a type of conversational irnpIieature, termed her...

Information warfare has become an increasingly diverse field. The changes to its composition have been primarily driven by changes in technology and the resulting increased access to information. Further, it has been the progressively more diverse methods available for communication that has fuelled expanding applications for information warfare techniques into non-military environments. In ord...

A nonlinear vector supersymmetry for three-dimensional topolog-ical massive Yang-Mills is obtained by making use of a nonlinear but local and covariant redefinition of the gauge field.