Water intoxication causes hyponatraemia, which is responsible for the neurological dysfunction by causing intracellular overhydration. Symptoms may occur if the serum sodium concentration is less than 120 mmol/l, but the degree of brain dysfunction corresponds with the rapidity of development of the hyponatraemia. Intracellular potassium concentration is reduced, partly due to increased intrace...

Incidental findings: expect to find the unexpected When a CT scan for a fractured pelvis turns up a kidney abnormality, doctors must decide what this information means — and whether to tell the patient. Incidental findings and the ethical quandaries surrounding their disclosure are increasingly common due to improved medical technology, the US Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical...

Urea clearance (Kt/V urea), adjusted for total body water (TBW) using the Watson formula (TBW(Watson)), is widely used to guide peritoneal dialysis (PD) prescription and to ensure dialysis adequacy. The impact of body composition on the determination of TBW(Watson) is well established, but the effect of hydration and nutrition status on TBW(Watson) is not understood. We therefore studied the ef...

Overhydration is reported to be the main cause of hypertension (HTN) as well as to have no association with HTN in hemodialysis (HD) population. This is the first report of the relationship between interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) and pre-HD blood pressure (BP) in pediatric patients in relation to residual urine output (RUO). We studied 170 HD sessions and interdialytic periods performed during...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight some of the recent key issues surrounding crystalloid and colloid fluid management of critically ill patients. RECENT FINDINGS Significant developments have been made in the understanding of ionic balance of fluids and their effects on acid-base, the role of hydration and overhydration, alkalinization of fluids in patients at high risk for contrast induced nephr...

Fluid balance is an integral component of hemodialysis treatments to prevent under- or overhydration, both of which have been demonstrated to have significant effects on intradialytic morbidity and long-term cardiovascular complications. Fluid removal is usually achieved by ultrafiltration to achieve a clinically derived value for "dry weight." Unfortunately, there is no standard measure of dry...

Intraoperative fluid management for the pediatric surgical patient is a critical element of the anesthetic care plan. In contrast with adult patients, the fluid management is systematized by the use of established protocols that calculate fluid on a per kilogram basis. Children are relatively volume sensitive, and mismanagement of fluid and electrolytes can contribute to morbidity and mortality...

Since 1970s several studies have shown a significant prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among patients with end-stage renal disease (Linder et al., 1974). Among patients treated by hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, the prevalence of CVD is approximately 40%. Even after stratification by age, sex, race, and diabetes, CVD mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is 10 to 20 ...

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) commonly refers to blood products which contain a higher platelet (PLT) concentration as compared to normal plasma. Autologous PRP has been shown to be safe and effective in promoting the natural processes of soft tissue healing or reconstruction in humans and horses. Variability in PLT concentration has been observed in practice between PRP preparations from differen...