(5) The limited access zone shall remain in place until the wall is adequately supported to prevent overturning and to prevent collapse unless the height of wall is over eight feet, in which case, the limited access zone shall remain in place until the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section have been met. (b) All masonry walls over eight feet in height shall be adequately braced to preve...

[1] The stability of the glacial thermohaline circulation (THC) with respect to North Atlantic freshwater input is examined using a global ocean general circulation model. It is found that the quasi-equilibrium hysteresis behaviour is much less pronounced under glacial conditions than under present-day conditions, and the existence of multiple equilibria requires an anomalous freshwater inflow....

In addition to the mean meridional Hadley circulation, there also exist zonal overturning circulations that contribute to the meteorology and climatology of the tropics. Together, these overturning circulations are commonly referred to as the Walker circulation. In this section, we first explore the history and basic structure of the Walker circulation. Later, we reintroduce the shallow water e...

We give a more general derivation of the particle velocity and acceleration used in the numerical wave model of Grilli et al. (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2001; 35:829–867), by expressing these quantities in a local orthogonal co-ordinate system. Computations of solitary waves propagating and breaking over a sloping bottom show that the new formulation gives better results than the former one i...

where γ is the observed environmental lapse rate, and Γ s and Γ d are the moistand dry-adiabatic lapse rates, respectively. Of particular interest here is state 5, dry absolutely unstable. Typically, this state exists in a shallow surface-based layer (usually < 100 mb deep) and results from an imbalance between the rate at which air adjacent to the ground is heated by conduction and the rate at...

To progress the development of deployable, lightweight infrastructure for relief and recovery efforts in the aftermath of natural and man-made disasters, this article develops a proof of concept for a smart mast that leverages the versatility of pantograph systems and advances in sensor, actuator, and informatics technologies. More specifically the article addresses key design criteria of trans...

The integration of computational grids and data grids into a common problem solving environment enables collaboration between members of the GENIEfy project. In addition, state-of-the-art optimisation algorithms complement the component framework to provide a comprehensive toolset for Earth system modelling. In this paper, we present for the first time, the application of the nondominated sorti...