Background: Paenibacillus larvae is the etiological agent of American foulbrood (AFB) disease, the most lethal disease in honeybee (Apis mellifera) larvae. Aims: The aim of the present work was to study the antimicrobial effect of cell free supernatant (CFS) of probiotics on an Iranian isolate’s biofilm formation. Methods: A l...

To explore immune system activation in the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., larvae of four ages were exposed through feeding to spores of a natural pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae larvae, to cells of a diverse set of related nonpathogenic bacteria, and to bacterial coat components. These larvae were then assayed for RNA levels of genes encoding two antibacterial peptides, abaecin and defensin. Larv...

American Foulbrood is a severe disease affecting larvae of honeybee Apis mellifera, causing significant decrease in the honeybee population, beekeeping industries and agricultural production. In spite of its importance, little is known about the virulence factors secreted by Paenibacillus larvae during larval infection. The aim of the present work was to perform a first approach to the identifi...

This study presents the possibility of killing almost all microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, spore forms, and viruses by sterilization process. European foulbrood (EFB) American (AFB) is a highly infectious bacterial honeybee disease caused Melissococcus plutonius Paenibacillus larvae, respectively. Removal spores from contaminated beehives critical factor in controlling EFB AFB. The purpo...

Parasites and pathogens are apparent key factors for the detrimental health of managed European honey bee subspecies, Apis mellifera. Apicultural trade is arguably the main factor for the almost global distribution of most honey bee diseases, thereby increasing chances for multiple infestations/infections of regions, apiaries, colonies and even individual bees. This imposes difficulties to eval...