Previous studies have reported that respiratory sensations, such as urge-to-cough and dyspnea, have an inhibitory effect on pain. Considering the existence of gender differences in both urge-to-cough and pain, it is conceivable that a gender difference also exists in the analgesia induced by urge-to-cough. In this study, we evaluated gender differences in the pain perception response to urge-to...

[Purpose] This study assesse the effect of low frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of theTE5 (waiguan) and PC6 (neiguan) acupoints on cold-induced pain. [Subjects and Methods] Forty-eight subjects were divided by convenience into three groups: TENS with electrodes of 1 cm(2) area, TENS with electrodes of area 15 cm(2) and a placebo group. The study consisted of three ph...

BACKGROUND The study aimed to determine predictive factors for postcesarean pain and analgesia using an assessment of pain threshold and suprathreshold thermal stimuli as well as degree of somatization and anxiety. METHODS Thirty-four healthy parturients scheduled for cesarean delivery under subarachnoid anesthesia were enrolled. Preoperative thermal pain threshold, intensity, and unpleasantn...

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage and it is one of the major symptoms in arthritis. Pain is also the sensory modality that alerts patients so that it leads to protective responses. Pain also informs the patient that there is a potential noxious threat, which brings him or her to the doctor for diagnosis and treatment of his ...

The aim was to examine the effect of the experimenter’s social status and its interaction with participant’s gender on pressure pain threshold. Both male and female students participated in the study (N = 96) and were evenly assigned into two groups which differed only in the professional status of the experimenter who was a professor (higher status) in one group and a student (lower status) in...