The Papanicolaou smear is a highly effective screening test for the detection of cervical neoplastic changes. The success of the test has resulted in unrealistic expectations of the accuracy of the test by both referring medical practitioners and the public. However, as with any pathological test, it has irreducible false negative and positive rates. This report is a comparison between interpre...

Abbreviation AFP Alpha fetoprotein CD Cluster of differentiation CEA Carcino-embryonic antigen CHOP Cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin (also called doxorubicin or Adriamycin), Oncovin (vincristine), prednisone CT Contrast tomography DLBCL Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma NHL Non-Hodgkin lymphoma IHC Immunohistochemistry MPO Myeloperoxidase LCA Leucocyte common antigen PV Per vagina PAP Papanico...

Dr Neda Voutsa-Perdiki, former Director of Exfoliative Cytology at the University of Florida (Florida, USA), talks about her academic teacher Dr George N. Papanicοlaou, referred to as the 'Father of Exfoliative Cytology', and his wife Mache, known as Mary Papanicolaou. According to Dr Voutsa-Perdiki, Dr Papanicolaou was an exceptional teacher and a unique humanitarian in modern medical history....

In its 2009 recommendations for cervical cancer screening, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) calls for less-frequent but smarter screening that integrates testing for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection with the Papanicolaou (Pap) test. We review the recommendations from this and other organizations and how and why they are evolving.

Introduction: Barr body is of the X chromosomes formed from random inactivation and condensation of one of the two female chromosomes in virtually all the somatic cells of female mammals. In practice stains such as Papanicolaou, and carbol fuchsin, have proved suitable because they produced stronger contrast and are much simple to manipulate. Aim: Our study aimed to assess the efficacy of gende...

  Background and Objective: Microscopic evaluation of cervicovaginal smears (Pap smear) plays an essential role in detection of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of uterine cervix. A wide spectrum of changes is seen in Pap smears. Interpretation of intermediate changes which resulting in observation of so- called ASCUS is difficult. ASCUS is defined as a cellular change that is more marked ...