In his comprehensive and succinct overview of passives in the world’s languages, Edward Keenan (1985) makes the following typological observations. First, not all languages have passives; and second, such passive-less languages commonly use one of the following grammaticized means to express functional equivalents of passive: (a) to use the “impersonal” third person plural subject; or (b) to el...

Vaccination against nicotine blocks or attenuates nicotine-related behaviors relevant to addiction in rats. Passive immunization with nicotine-specific antibodies is an alternative to vaccination with the potential advantages of allowing control of antibody dose and affinity. In the current study, the effects of two antibodies on the distribution of nicotine to brain were evaluated during chron...

The pairing of linguistic form to discourse function has been much discussed in the literature over the last several years. Prince (1996) phrases the question thusly: what is it exactly that discourse functions are associated with? Particular form-function pairings do not appear to be cross-linguistically universal; a given linguistic – that is, syntactic – form may be associated in different l...

This experimental study evaluated the possible effects of textual input- based enhancement on the acquisition of passive form on Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners. Sixty Iranian EFL learners at the pre-intermediate level of proficiency were randomly assigned into three groups; two experimental group and one comparison group. The first experimental group received passages in which the passiv...

This paper reviews the literature comparing the results obtained in applying regimes involving motion with those involving rest following injury or surgery. The deleterious effects of immobilisation are compared to those obtained under conditions of passive motion and intermittent passive motion. It is concluded that continuous passive motion (CPM) represents an improvement on intermittent moti...

This study aims at investigating the effects of cooperative language learning on learning active and passive structures among Iranian EFL students. The participants of the study were 60 high school students that were selected from third grade of Barikbin high school in Qazvin. All of the participants were male. Their level of proficiency was intermediate. Then the participants were divided into...

In this paper, an iterative technique is proposed to solve linear integrated active/passive design problems. The optimality of active and passive parts leads to the nonlinear algebraic Riccati equation due to the active parameters and some associated additional Lyapunov equations due to the passive parameters. Rather than the solution of the nonlinear algebraic Riccati equation, it is proposed ...

Mg alloys have a vast usage where weight reduction is really significant since they do the features really well for materials of ultra-light weight. However, Mg is inherently a reactive metal and its alloys generally possess quite weak corrosion resistance that widely restricts their technological usages, especially in some rough service conditions. Despite, many investigations on the passive a...

when the orbital altitude of a small satellite is near-earth, passive stabilization can be considered. the purpose of this paper is to combine the passive gravity gradient and aerodynamic stabilization methods together so that all the three axes stabilizations can be obtained. in this regard, the set of nonlinear equations of motion will be solved numerically with specified initial condition. t...