Protoplasts isolated from tobacco leaves were inoculated with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using a method slightly modified from that developed for inoculating tobacco mosaic virus. Multiplication of CMV was demonstrated by staining the protoplasm with fluorescent CMV-antibody, by the electron microscopy of ultrathin sections, and by assaying the infectivity in protoplasts. Seventy to 90% of pro...

We construct a model that combines extinction-colonization dynamics with the dynamics of local adaptation in a network of habitat patches of dissimilar qualities. We derive a deterministic approximation for the stochastic model that allows the calculation of patch-specific incidences of occupancy and levels of adaptation at steady state. Depending on (i) the strength of local selection, (ii) th...

a new multiple c- slotted microstrip patch antenna is proposed.  a patch antenna is a wide-beam narrowband antenna. microstrip patch antenna consist of a very thin metallic strip (patch) placed a small fraction of a wavelength above a ground plane. the patch can be designed in any possible shape and normally made by conducting material copper or gold. this paper presents design of a c- slotted ...

A spatial metapopulation is a mosaic of interconnected patch populations. The complex routes of colonization between the patches are governed by the metapopulation's dispersal network. Over the past two decades, there has been considerable interest in uncovering the effects of dispersal network topology and its symmetry on metapopulation persistence. While most studies find that the level of sy...

1. Landscape ecology deals with the influence of spatial pattern on ecological processes. It considers the ecological consequences of where things are located in space, where they are relative to other things, and how these relationships and their consequences are contingent on the characteristics of the surrounding landscape mosaic at multiple scales in time and space. Traditionally, landscape...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: We sought to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic value of ‎epicutaneous patch testing in patients with oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs).‎ METHODS: Bibliographic searches were conducted in electronic databases such as PubMed, the Cochrane library, ‎EBSCO, Scopus, Web of knowledge and Google scholar from January 1990 to December 2011. Search terms re...

The landscape (matrix) surrounding habitat fragments critically aVects the biodiversity of those fragments due to biotic interchange and physical eVects. However, to date, there have been only a limited number of studies on plant– animal interactions in fragmented landscapes, particularly on how tree seedling herbivory is aVected by fragmentation. We have examined this question in a fog-depende...

Leaves of tobacco plant cv. Xanthi-nc inoculated or systemically infected with potato virus Y, cucumber mosaic virus, potato virus X, potato aucuba mosaic virus or alfalfa mosaic virus showed varying degrees of resistance to infection with tobacco mosaic virus. The resistance was correlated with the appearance of at least three proteins not present in healthy plants. These were the proteins tha...

In order to assess the occurrence, distribution and importance of viral diseases of mungbean and mashbean crops in Punjab, Pakistan, an extensive survey was conducted during summer season of 2004. The symptomatic plant samples were collected from farmer’s fields and experimental plots at research stations and tested by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to detect and identify viruses inf...

The major threat for cassava cultivation on the Indian subcontinent is cassava mosaic disease (CMD) caused by cassava mosaic geminiviruses which are bipartite begomoviruses with DNA A and DNA B components. Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) and Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV) cause CMD in India. Two isolates of SLCMV infected the cassava cultivar Sengutchi in the fields near Malappuram ...