In this paper, the microstructural damage evolution of a steel with ferrite–pearlite microstructure (C45E) was investigated during process cold upsetting. The development and accumulation were analyzed in different areas samples that deformed at strain levels. scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed various mechanisms nucleation microcavities occurred upsetting process. quantitative t...

The influence of Cr on the microstructural evolution austenite in Fe-20Mn-9Al-1.2C-xCr (wt%, x = 0, 3 and 6) low-density steels during isothermal aging at 650 °C for various durations was systematically investigated. With processed, 0Cr 3Cr samples underwent divorced eutectoid transformation followed by transformation, while only observed 6Cr sample. Meanwhile, increasing content changed produc...

The susceptibility of railway wheels to wear and rolling contact fatigue damage is influenced by the properties of the wheel material. These are influenced by the steel composition, wheel manufacturing process, and thermal and mechanical loading during operation. The in-service properties therefore vary with depth below the surface and with position across the wheel tread. This paper discusses ...

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a semi–crystalline polymer that can be crystallized to different degrees heating from the amorphous state. Even when primary crystallization has been completed, secondary crystallization can take place with further annealing and modify the characteristics of the amorphous interlamellar phase. In this work we study the glass transition of highly crystallized...

By means of consecutive alkaline and proteolytic treatments of the organic framework’s interlamellar layers extracted from the nacre of H. rufescens, we have exposed a core of aligned parallel chitin fibers. Our findings both verify basic elements of the interlamellar layer structural model of Levi-Kalisman et al. (2001) and extend the more detailed model of Bezares et al. (2008, 2010). We obse...

non-destructive eddy current (ec) technique has long been used to detect discontinuities in materials. recently, its application has been extended to characterize materials microstructure. in order to identify different microstructures, four plain carbon steel bars with different chemical compositions (aisi 1015, 1035, 1045 and 1080) were used in annealed condition. the pearlite percentage, car...

It is commonly assumed that the structure of water at a lipid-water interface is influenced mostly in the first hydration layer. However, recent results from different experimental methods show that perturbation extends through several hydration layers. Due to its low light penetration depth, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy is specifically suited t...

The structure and rheology behaviour of gels produced by water dispersions of a vitamin C-derived surfactant (ascorbyl-6-O-dodecanoate) were investigated by means of SAXS and rheology experiments for the first time. The gel state is formed upon heating and is due to an anisotropic expansion of the tightly compact lamellar structure. The phase transition involves primarily the melting of the alk...

Four new oribatid mite species of the superfamily Galumnoidea, Pergalumna paradecoratissima sp. nov., Pergalumna paralongisetosa sp. nov., Pergalumna ecuadorensis sp. nov. and Galumnopsis lanceosensilla sp. nov., are described from Ecuador. The genus Galumnopsis is recorded for the first time for the Ecuador. Pergalumna paradecoratissima sp. nov. is very similar in having the combination of fov...