Animal social network is the key to understand many ecological and epidemiological processes. We used real-time location system (RTLS) to accurately track cattle position, analyze their proximity networks, and tested the hypothesis of temporal stationarity and spatial homogeneity in these networks during different daily time periods and in different areas of the pen. The network structure was a...

The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 30 antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method for 17 penicillinase-positive and 50 penicillinase-negative strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The latter included 42 strains that were penicillin susceptible (pen S) (minimal inhibitory concentration, <0.125 mug/ml) and 8 strains with intermediate resistance to penicillin (pen I; minimal inhibito...

The genetic basis for spontaneous resistance to tetracyline (Tet) and penicillin (Pen) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae was investigated. Tet and pen are polygenes which confer small but distinct levels of resistance to Tet and Pen, respectively. Mtr is a multiple-drug resistance polygene which increases resistance to Tet and Pen (as well as to other unrelated antibiotics). Tem is a modifier gene affec...

PURPOSE The experience at a medium-sized regional medical center participating in the ASHP MENTORED QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IMPACT PROGRAM℠ (MQIIP) on Insulin Pen Safety in Hospitals is described. SUMMARY With the support of top hospital leaders, Munson Medical Center (MMC) applied in June 2014 to participate in the MQIIP to complement its ongoing risk assessment related to the use of pen devices...

We have developed the pen-based computing system on PDA for blind person. Our system is based on the pen input technology. The user writes down the Japanese character on the input area using the stylus pen. The PDA has two control keys that are located behind the body. They are used for all command operations in the PDA system. When the blind user operates the control key, the voice synthesizer...

limitations of our cognitive system? Or are errors indispensable parts of every intelligent system? From the first perspective, all errors are at best unnecessary and at worst harmful. Consider an error commonly made by children. When asked to find the sum of 1/2 and 1/3. the answer is often 2/5. This is called the freshman error of adding numerators and adding denominators {Silver. 1986). But ...

Percutaneous epidural neuroplasty (PEN) is a known interventional technique for the management of spinal pain. As with any procedures, PEN is associated with complications ranging from mild to more serious ones. We present a case of intracranial subdural hematoma after PEN requiring surgical evacuation. We review the relevant literature and discuss possible complications of PEN and patholophysi...

A symbol is a pattern (of physical marks, electromagnetic energy, etc.) which denotes, designates, or otherwise has meaning. The notion that intelligence requires the use and manipulation of symbols, and that humans are therefore symbol systems, has been extremely in uential in arti cial intelligence. keywords: symbol, reasoning, intelligence, representation, logic This article has two parts. W...