We replicate the findings of Emlinger and Guimbardr (ERAE, 2021) on heterogeneous effects per-unit tariffs trade patterns for developed developing countries. Analyzing import export data from 2001 to 2013, they confirm Alchian-Allen conjecture that costs induce higher unit values. However, are more pronounced country exporters. Understanding vis-a-vis ad valorem is important level playing field...

Abstract We consider licensing of a non-drastic innovation by licensor that interacts with potential licensee in Stackelberg duopoly, comparing per-unit and ad-valorem royalty two-part contracts showing why when each deal should be used. contribute three findings to the literature. First, is preferred plays as leader marketplace, but follower. Second, only innovations do not hurt consumers are ...

This study investigated the status of mechanized power and self-propelled rice cultivation machinery in Guilan Province in northern Iran. The raw data was obtained from 2013 statistics of the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Guilan province. Power per unit of area, mechanization level, area per unit of self-propelled machinery, and mechanization requirement were calculated for eastern, wester...

Spectral efficiency is a measure of the performance of channel coding methods. It refers to the ability of a given channel encoding method to utilize bandwidth efficiently. It is defined as the average number of bits per unit of time (bit rate) that can be transmitted per unit of bandwidth (bits per second per Hertz). The term channel encoding refers to the procedure of mapping a bit stream to ...