Anti-viral drug treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections causes rapid reduction in plasma virus load. Viral decline occurs in several phases and provides information on important kinetic constants of virus replication in vivo and pharmacodynamical properties. We develop a mathematical model that takes into account the intracellular phase of...

A B S T R A C T “Addiction” is a multifaceted complicated disorder with many interrelated causes, as well as environmental and genetic features. Several hereditary variables that have an effect on these features might work in together to influence vulnerability and the extent of being an addict. Molecular re-sequencing of the latest and formerly researched genes holds a crucial place with regar...

The objective of this paper was to review existing information regarding food effects on drug absorption within paediatric populations. Mechanisms that underpin food-drug interactions were examined to consider potential differences between adult and paediatric populations, to provide insights into how this may alter the pharmacokinetic profile in a child. Relevant literature was searched to ret...

Interaction is a familiar term to most biostatisticians. When the effect of one factor differs across levels of a second factor, interaction between the factors is present. Drug disposition refers to the processes of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized (broken down), and excreted [6]. Variations in drug disposition and/or effect may result from interactions with, for example, disea...

The concurrent use of drugs and herbal products is becoming increasingly prevalent over the last decade. Several herbal products have been known to modulate cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) which are recognized as representative drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporter, respectively. Thus, a summary of knowledge on the modulation of CYP and P-gp by commonly used her...

Compound Danshen Formula (CDF) is a widely used Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) which has been extensively applied in clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the underlying mechanism of clinical administrating CDF on CVDs is not clear. In this study, the pharmacological effect of CDF on CVDs was analyzed at a systemic point of view. A systems-pharmacological model base...

INTRODUCTION A drug interaction is a pharmacological response which cannot be explained by the action of a single drug but may be due to two or more drugs acting simultaneously but The effects of a drug may also be changed by the presence of food, drink or by some environmental chemical agent. The outcome of a drug interaction may be harmful if the interaction results in increased efficacy or t...

The interaction between warfarin and thyroid replacement is one of the most frequent alerts provided to pharmacists by computerized drug interaction systems, so it is important to assess any new information on this interaction. Historically, we have held that the interaction between warfarin and thyroid would rarely be clinically important, because the patient is usually taking thyroid first, a...