Active pollination has evolved four times in brood site mutualisms. When is active, the pollinator's behaviour specifically evolves to ensure flower fertilisation. In functionally dioecious Ficus species, male figs host pollinating wasp larvae, while wasps cannot breed female because styles are longer than ovipositor. Here we investigate hispida. We show that figs, every time laid an egg into a...

New species of Begonia L. in the flora Laos presented this paper were mainly found course botanical surveys made Hin Nam No National Protected Area, Phouy Khammouane Karst Forest, and Phou Khao Khouay Area.Additionally, herbaria presently available (HNL, FOF, NUoL, FRC), living plants, alcohol preserved material at Pha Tad Ke Botanical Garden data accessible online BM, E, K, LE, NY, P, PE Herba...

A new trait, twin fused fruit, was discovered in gynoecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) line B 5263. Plants with the twin fused fruit trait had two fruit fused into a single unit. In addition to having the twin fused fruit trait, line B 5263 had fruit with necks, large tubercles (warts), and dark green skin. The inheritance of twin fused fruit was studied in populations resulting from crosses...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Why are sterile anthers and carpels retained in some flowering plants, given their likely costs? To address this question, a cryptically dioecious species, Petasites tricholobus, in which male and female plants each have two floret types that appear pistillate and hermaphroditic, was studied. The aim was to understand the function of sterile hermaphroditic florets in females...

This year’s research focused on further evaluation of potential alternate bearing with multiple year ReTainTM treatments. After three years of treatment with ReTainTM, there does not appear to be any negative effect on yield. There was a lower reduction in PFA than was expected, but this is thought to be unrelated to multiple year treatments. Treatment of a Chandler orchard with ReTainTM was do...