Background and Objectives: Spiritual health is the newest dimension of health without which other dimensions of health cannot be optimally efficient. Pleasure is an extended state of mind that people experience as a positive or valuable need. It includes certain psychological states such as happiness, joy, ecstasy, and feeling of satisfaction. Our aim was to investigate the correlation between ...

The hedonic principle-the desire to approach pleasure and avoid pain-is frequently presumed to be the fundamental principle upon which motivation is built. In the past few decades, researchers have enriched our understanding of how approaching pleasure and avoiding pain differ from each other. However, more recent empirical and theoretical work delineating the principles of motivation in humans...

mutual incomprehension is far from inevitable. Indeed, Popper demonstrates that in science competing paradigms may continue side by side for long periods of time, and that new paradigms do not obliterate old ones, but rather incorporate them into more successful models.7 Although the variously constructed models for the health service are political rather than scientific, the principle of adapt...

One consequence of repeated drug administration is the development of adaptations in the nervous system, sometimes termed 'drug-opposite' responses. During administration, the effects of the drug are diminished by these adaptations (tolerance), while cessation of drug use results in the emergence of these drug-opposite responses as the withdrawal syndrome. Recent evidence on pain responses chal...

Fan fiction writers use an existing fictional universe to develop scenarios and characters in creative ways within the logic of the original universe. In this chapter, I examine the representations of the erotics of pain in two fanproduced, so-called femslash texts describing romantic and sexual relationships between the two vampire slayers Buffy and Faith from Joss Whedon’s TV series Buffy the...