Abstract This article explores the gender dimension of ideology and representation by analysing political parties that ran in 2019 Polish parliamentary elections, using a novel analytical framework based on claims gender-related policy pledges. demonstrates left liberal largely determines feminist pro-LGBTQ+ promissory representation. However, ideologies right-wing vary their traditional types ...

This article examines the attitudes of the parties on the left in Italy to moves towards European integration from the Convention on the Future of Europe in 2002-03 to the Lisbon Treaty in 2007. The analysis is contextualised by taking an historical perspective. It is argued that the parties of the left are strongly in favour of a ‘political’ and ‘social’ Europe, whereas the far left is concern...

Do “niche” parties—such as Communist, Green, and extreme nationalist parties—adjust their policies in response to shifts in public opinion? Would such policy responsiveness enhance these parties’ electoral support? We report the results of statistical analyses of the relationship between parties’ policy positions, voters’ policy preferences, and election outcomes in eight Western European democ...

Many formal models suggest that parties or candidates should locate at the electoral mean. Yet, there is no consistent evidence of such convergence across political systems. Schofield’s (2007) Valence Theorem proves that when valence differences across parties are large, there is non-convergence to the mean. Convergence to the mean depends on the value of the convergence depends, c. When c is h...