A widespread view in the ‘political budget cycles’ literature is that incumbent politicians seek to influence voters’ perceptions of their competence and/or preferences by using composition fiscal as a signalling tool. However, little known about whether voters actually receive and perceive signal way. To empirically assess relevance channel at municipal level, we conducted survey among 2000 re...

Policy formation is a process of political interaction among individuals and groups. While some participants in the political process may share similar, or even identical interests, the political preferences of other participants diverge so that conflicts of interest among participating parties are unavoidable. Nevertheless, such conflicts are often resolved in the policy formulation process. T...

this paper tries to explore and asses the political party activities in iran after the islamic revolution. it believes that that formation of political parties was a result of political modernization in iran after the revolution. the authors further examine this modernization based on huntington's theory about modernization including stages of faction creation (factionalism), polarization,...

The metatheory on the democratic process poses a conceptual framework for the empirical analysis of democratic processes in liberal democracies. A model of democratic processes is being developed which proceeds from certain metatheoretical presuppositions. It distinguishes, inter alia, between three subsystems of the political system and defines their relevant collective actors. Moreover, a con...

A complex analytical framework, the Interactive Party state model (IPS), is offered for revealing the structural and dynamic background of opposite processes: first, the development of the communist party as a political entity into a politically monopolized regime and then to a social system; second, the retreat of the party as a social system towards a politically monopolized regime or a polit...

The transposition of EU law into national law is a significant part of the EU policy process. However, political scientists haven’t devoted to it the attention that it deserves. The author, a political scientist, construes transposition as a part of the wider process of policy implementation. Following implementation theory from the field of public policy, the article outlines three sets of fac...

Political self-organization is a reflexive, selfreferential process where political agents coordinate their actions in such a way that political power structures emerge and are differentiated, these structures enable and constrain political activities and stimulate further political practices. Acknowledgement: This paper is based on research done within the framework of the project ‘Human Strat...

The phenomenon of crony capitalism has been explored primarily with reference to its impact on economic growth. This study investigates the political implications of crony capitalism and, specifically, the interaction between political competition and crony capitalism. Based on a case study of political trajectories in two regions of the Russian Federation, I argue that under crony capitalism p...

Political process theories of social movements have relied on a set of oppositions between culture and structure that has limited their capacity to capture the supraindividual, durable, and constraining dimensions of culture. The solution is not to abandon an emphasis on "objective" political structures in favor of potential insurgents' "subjective" perceptions of political opportunities, but r...