Can more vigorous political competition significantly raise rural land values, or contribute to more robust land rental markets? Exploiting exogenous variation in the national popularity of Pakistan’s political parties during the 2008 elections, we show that provincial assembly constituencies with greater competition between political parties had significantly higher land values and more active...

regarding extensive domain of islamic teachings including all aspects of human life following as individual, social, spiritual, physical and material issues and noting close relations of the humanities with this dimensions, a deep bond between islam and the humanities including management and education is revealed. to attain an islamic understanding of relationship between the dimensions of the...

This paper defines a security infrastructure for access control at the component level of programming language design. Distributed components are an ideal place to define and enforce significant security policies, because components are large entities that often define the political boundaries of computation. Also, rather than building a security infrastructure from scratch, we build on a stand...

security priorities of a country are not only affected by its internal situation, but sometimes regional situation is also a determinant factor of these priorities. the effectiveness of regional situations is especially when the subject country has a growing economy. after the collapse of ussr, the central asia had the same effect on china’s security priorities. china is an emerging global powe...

termination of the cold war was followed by considerable developments in international relations, including the emergence and gradual empowerment of new political actors. china was one of these actors whose process of empowerment, which actually started many years before the end of the cold war, has drawn attention from many analysts. central asia is one of the regions with which china has had ...

166 countries have some kind of public old age pension. What economic forces create and sustain old-age Social Security as a public program? In the first part of the paper, we document some of the internationally and historically common features of Social Security programs including explicit and implicit taxes on labor supply, pay-as-you-go features, intergenerational redistribution, benefits w...

Debates over America’s heavy reliance on employer-provided private pensions have understated the profound role organized labor played after World War II. Archival evidence from prominent unions and business associations suggests that the shift in organized labor’s strategy after the New Deal toward electoral activity helps explain critical interventions by Northern Democrats into the system of ...