This article investigates the contribution of Spinoza and authors his circle (Antistius Constans, Van den Enden Koerbagh) on modern conception tolerance. In Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670), launches libertas philosophandi-question integrating two kinds freedom between which there is a tension: thought speech religious conscience. As means living acting in society light one’s own interests...

In this article, we extend an early agent-based spatial model of the prediction market by taking into account the heterogeneities of agents in their tolerance capacity (tolerance to neighbors with different political identities) and in their exploration capacity (exploration of the political identities of other agents). We then study the effects of these heterogeneities on the behavior of the p...

This work examines the impact of uncertainty and threat on support for political compromise. In Study 1, uncertainty, threat, and support for compromise were measured. Uncertainty increased support for compromise only when paired with positive or neutral affect. Studies 2 and 3 used an experimental design to examine the impact of incidental affect on support for political compromise as a functi...

Analyzing political conservatism as motivated social cognition integrates theories of personality (authoritarianism, dogmatism-intolerance of ambiguity), epistemic and existential needs (for closure, regulatory focus, terror management), and ideological rationalization (social dominance, system justification). A meta-analysis (88 samples, 12 countries, 22,818 cases) confirms that several psycho...

Introduction Can individuals in emerging democracies learn democratic values and skills through participation in civic education programs? Certainly the U.S. government expects the answer to be yes. The State Department's Agency for International Development (USAID) and other governmental organizations spend tens of millions of dollars annually on civic education programs as part of their effor...

Political socialization is the process by which the transition of political cultures takes place from one generation to another.In the other words political socialization is continuous in whole of life, in which political personality of people is formed. Many factors affect people political socialization that some of them are; Family, Mass Media, School and Peer Groups. This research represents...

In his Lettre (1787), advocating political tolerance towards the Jews of France, Isaiah Berr-Bing, maskil and pupil Mendelssohn, addresses French Christians asks for emancipation Jews. Fifty-three years later, young rabbi Lazare Wogue published Sermon sur la Tolerance fellow believers in Metz. meantime, concept had lost its initial meaning. It now was brought into play theological disputes that...

Many Latin American countries democratized between 1975 and 2000, and research has confirmed that contemporary Latin Americans hold democratic political attitudes. Using AmericasBarometer surveys of 18 countries from 2008, we examine the commitment of Latin Americans to three democratic attitudes – preference for democracy over other forms of government, support for general participation rights...

Several factors are cited as shaping public policy in Pakistan. Elite interests, institutional structures, and public opinion are among those usually indentified. But to fully capture the enduring patterns in domestic and foreign policies also requires examination of the underlining influences of olitical culture. Only by reference to Pakistan’s popular political culture and the country’s vario...