Psychological status of patients during epidural and intravenous (i.v.) morphine administration are not known enough. It's known that after administration of morphine epidurally and intravenously plasma concentrations are similar but the concentrations in cerebrospinal fluide are different. The effects of two postoperative analgesia treatment regimens on the psychological and mental functions o...

Postoperative cognitive problems and delirium are not uncommon in the elderly. We reported four cases in which auricular acupunctures on the 'Shenmen' and 'Point Zero' points successfully managed postoperative problematic behaviors of the three patients with dementia and the one patient postoperatively demonstrating an agitated behavior.

An eighteen-year-old man who had a laminectomy and subtotal excision of a lipomyelomeningocele, received a single dose of haloperidol for post-operative pain and agitation. The patient suffered an acute dystonic reaction and was extensively investigated before the correct diagnosis and treatment was instituted. This case illustrates the ease with which extrapyramidal side effects following trea...

Patients submitted to a trauma followed by a surgical intervention, experience pain and discomfort. Exogenous (surgical intervention, anesthesia) postoperative care, and endogenous factors, belonging to patient, especially neuro-psychological disturbances are synergic and participate together, to induce and to amplify the imbalance between oxidants/antioxidants, sustaining the appearance of oxi...

OBJECTIVE While nearly half of all people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have agitation symptoms every month, little is known about the costs of agitation in AD. We calculated the monetary costs associated with agitation in older adults with AD in the UK from a National Health Service and personal social services perspective. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING London and the South East...

BACKGROUND This study was performed to compare the incidence of emergence agitation (EA) between inhalation and intravenous anesthesia induction in children after sevoflurane anesthesia. METHODS In this prospective and double-blind study, 100 children aged 3 to 7 years were enrolled. Subjects were randomly assigned to the sevoflurane (Group S) or thiopental (Group T) anesthesia induction grou...

BACKGROUND In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we investigated the effect of pregabalin on oxycodone consumption, postoperative confusion, and pain in elderly cardiac surgery patients. METHODS Seventy patients, aged ≥75 yr, were randomized to receive either 150 mg of pregabalin before operation and 75 mg of pregabalin twice daily for 5 postoperative days o...

The term mixing is confusing because it is used to describe transport mechanisms for both flash mixing (reagent dispersion and homogenisation with water mixing) and agitation (flocculation mixing) because each of these mechanisms requires different flow characteristics in order to take place with maximum efficiency. Flash mixing should take place under conditions of mixing on macro-scale with m...