Alternating between task sets involves detection that the current task set is unfavorable, initiation of a change in set, and application of the new task set while fine-tuning to optimally adjust to the demands of the environment. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of cognitive flexibility consistently report activation of the anterior cingulate cortex and/or adjacent pre-supp...

Persian  learners  of  English  often  avoid  attending  to  audience  considerations,  which  brings them  lower  scores.  The  present  study  was  conducted  in  a  major  university  in  Iran  to  help Persian learners develop a sense of audience awareness in writing. Thirty five Persian students of English  were trained  with a focus on process-oriented instruction. The intended task was a...

In the present study, we propose novel sequence-to-sequence pre-training objectives for low-resource machine translation (NMT): Japanese-specific sequence to (JASS) language pairs involving Japanese as source or target language, and English-specific (ENSS) English. JASS focuses on masking reordering linguistic units known bunsetsu, whereas ENSS is proposed based phrase structure tasks. Experime...

The flipped classroom approach is becoming increasingly popular in higher education as a substitute for more conventional teaching methods. This study examines pre-service teachers' task engagement Chinese language and culture learning by employing three facilitators theoretical framework. In this study, 50 American undergraduate teachers who were enrolled an ESL methods course learned online o...

this paper examines the theoretical rationales and practical aspects of task-based language teaching (tblt) with particular reference to research findings in efl/esl contexts. the definitional scope of the term ‘task’, polarizations in terms of task vs. non-task, and its relation to different language teaching approaches have engendered conceptual and methodological ambiguities.  moreover, fact...