Actuarial risk assessments might be unduly perceived as a neutral way to counteract implicit bias and increase the fairness of decisions made at almost every juncture of the criminal justice system, from pretrial release to sentencing, parole and probation. In recent times these assessments have come under increased scrutiny, as critics claim that the statistical techniques underlying them migh...

The literature on pretrial dispute settlement has focused the effect of first-order uncertainty bargaining, while assuming common knowledge about higher-order beliefs. We study and show that existence such improves efficiency bargaining by expanding set strategies implementable in equilibrium. introduce beliefs one player privately observes an imperfect signal other player's type. signals could...

We estimate the causal effects of judges’ exposure to communal violence during early childhood on pretrial detention rates by exploiting novel administrative data judgments and detailed resumes judicial officers born 1955–1991. Our key result is that judges exposed between ages 0 6 years are 16% more prone deny bail than average judge, with impact being stronger for experience riots 3 years. Th...

We propose a nonparametric test for the exclusion and monotonicity assumptions invoked in instrumental variable (IV) designs based on random assignment of cases to judges. show its asymptotic validity demonstrate finite-sample performance simulations. apply our an empirical setting from literature examining effects pretrial detention defendant outcomes New York. When are not satisfied, we weake...

STUDY OBJECTIVES Bilevel pressure ventilation has had proven success in the treatment of acute respiratory failure (ARF). The purpose of this study was to identify patient characteristics early in the course of acute illness that can predict the successful use of bilevel pressure ventilation. METHODS Ventilatory assistance using a ventilatory support system (BiPAP model ST-D; Respironics; Mur...

This article considers racial disparities that occur nationally in the bail determination process, due in large part to the lack of uniformity, resources, and information provided to officials in bail proceedings. It argues that the almost unbridled decision making power afforded to bail officials is often influenced by improper considerations such as the defendant’s financial resources or the ...

The detectability of a pure-tone signal may be reduced by adding a small number of randomly drawn masker tones remote from the signal frequency, an effect attributed to informational masking. A pretrial cue consisting of either the upcoming signal or masker releases informational masking, but a pretrial cue of the signal-plus-masker stimulus does not. In these experiments the relative potency o...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a 9-month physical activity intervention on changes in adiposity and cognitive control based on pretrial weight status (ie, healthy weight vs obese) in children. STUDY DESIGN Participants included obese (n = 77) and matched healthy-weight (n = 77) preadolescents (8-9 years) who participated in a 9-month physical activity randomized controlled trial. Cogni...

Medical records of inpatients discharged from a forensic unit in Columbia, South Carolina, from January 1991 to December 1991 were reviewed to determine the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity. Results were linked to age, gender, ethnicity, history of intravenous drug use, and Axis I diagnoses. HIV status was obtained for 74 percent of patients 18 to 55 years of age. ...