This work presents a review of studies on the process economics of ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials published since 1996. Our objective was to identify the most costly process steps and the impact of various parameters on the final production cost, e.g. plant capacity, raw material cost, and overall product yield, as well as process configuration. The variation in estimated eth...

Succinate is a promising chemical which has wide applications and can be produced by biological route. The history of the biosuccinate production shows that the joint effort of different metabolic engineering approaches brings successful results. In order to enhance the succinate production, multiple metabolical strategies have been sought. In this review, different overproducers for succinate ...

The paper proposes an algebraic representation of program modules, called F(p), and illustrates the algorithms that use F(p) to generate program graph models for measurement, documentation and testing activities. The representation refers to procedural languages, D-structured programs and one-in/one-out modules but its definition can be extended to programs structured in terms of an arbitrary s...

A new biotechnological process for the production of testosterone (TS) has been developed to turn the model strain Mycobacterium smegmatis suitable for TS production to compete with the current chemical synthesis procedures. We have cloned and overexpressed two genes encoding microbial 17β-hydroxysteroid: NADP 17-oxidoreductase, from the bacterium Comamonas testosteroni and from the fungus Coch...