Oncolytic viruses (OVs) remodel the tumor microenvironment by switching a “cold” into “hot” with high CD8+ T-cell infiltration. activity plays an essential role in antitumor efficacy of OVs. However, T cells is impaired programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) interaction. To date, it remains unclear why OVs alone have significant even when PD-L1 expression persist...