the vast expanse of the urban distressed areas in the country and multiple damages that their inhabitants face on economic, social and cultural aspects remind the need for higher attention to these constructions. meanwhile, tehran's distressed areas with more than 3268 hectares (5.3% of the area of ​​tehran) has a population of one million and three hundred thousand people in it, is one of...

Non-governmental organizations (NGO) are a “third social sector” different from governments and enterprises. They not only bear huge responsibilities, but also play an increasingly important role in various fields such as charity environmental protection. Social work professional subject to improve the overall environment promote more harmonious stable society coincides with goals of some NGOs....

Private financing mobilized in the water supply and sanitation sector has not been sufficient to cover sector’s needs. Several barriers hinder private leveraging, including risk perception of projects. This study analyzed 185 projects financed by World Bank between 2015 2021 understand how perceived project risks can influence these sectors. demonstrates parallels different types risks, their r...