The earliest description of diabetes was documented in the writings of Hindu scholars as long as in 1500 BC. In 1921 the Canadian scientists Fredrick G. Banting, Charles H. Best, J. J. R. Macleod and James B. Collip discovered insulin, a peptide (small protein hormone) which lowers blood sugar. They extracted insulin from the islets of animal pancreases. A year later, in January 1922, bovine in...

Mouse nucleoplasmin M.NPM2 was recombinantly expressed and the protein consisting of the complete sequence was purified and characterized. Similar to its Xenopus laevis X.NPM2 counterpart, the protein forms stable pentameric complexes and exhibits an almost undistinguishable hydrodynamic ionic strength-dependent unfolding behavior. The interaction of N.PM2 with histones and mouse P1/P2 protamin...

Protamine mRNA was isolated in a very pure form from trout testis and used as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA of high specific activity. The cDNA represented a full copy of the mRNA template and was used in hybridization reactions with purified trout DNA to determine the number of genes for protamines in trout testis. Our results indicate that there are less than four genes ...

Human sperm protamines have been extracted from spermatozoa pooled from several donors, converted to their S-pyridylethylated derivatives and resolved into two major components, P1 and P2, by Bio-Rex 70 chromatography. Protamine P1 was further purified by Bio-Gel P-10 chromatography and sequenced directly on a gas phase protein sequencer for 43 residues. To complete the sequence, P1 was cleaved...

The classification of chemical compounds should preferably be based on definite chemical and physical properties of the individual substances. However, at the present time such treatment of most of the proteins is, impossible. Only a few groups-protamines, keratins, globins, collagens, and homologous tissue proteins-can be thus definitely classified. But, in order to have a better understanding...

DNA compaction with protamines in sperm is essential for successful fertilization. However, a portion of sperm chromatin remains less tightly packed with histones, which genomic location and function remain unclear. We extracted and sequenced histone-associated DNA from sperm of nine ejaculates from three bulls. We found that the fraction of retained histones varied between samples, but the var...