The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is the major sorting station of the biosynthetic pathway, in which newly synthesized soluble and transmembrane proteins, as well as lipids, are sorted for subsequent transport to different destinations: the cell surface (apical and basolateral in polarized cells), secretory granules in endocrine cells, or the endosomal system. Several transmembrane proteins have be...

Neural signals recorded by extracellular electrodes (and in particular signals recorded from multielectrode arrays at the bottom of culture dishes) often suffer from low signal: noise ratios. This makes spike detection and sorting of interest. There are many algorithms for detecting and sorting spikes in noise (reviewed in [2]). However, assessing their quality is difficult because one does not...

Many soluble plant vacuolar proteins are sorted away from secreted proteins into small vesicles at the trans-Golgi network by transmembrane cargo receptors. Cleavable vacuolar sorting signals include the NH(2)-terminal propeptide (NTPP) present in sweet potato sporamin (Spo) and the COOH-terminal propeptide (CTPP) present in barley lectin (BL). These two proteins have been found to be transport...

Plant vacuoles have multiple functions: they can act both as digestive organelles and as receptacles for storage proteins. Different types of vacuoles can coexist in the same cell, which adds complexity to the process of targeting to these compartments. A fuller understanding of this process is of evident value when endeavouring to exploit the plant secretory pathway for heterologous protein pr...

Many soluble plant vacuolar proteins are sorted away from secreted proteins into small vesicles at the trans-Golgi network by transmembrane cargo receptors. Cleavable vacuolar sorting signals include the NH 2 -terminal propeptide (NTPP) present in sweet potato sporamin (Spo) and the COOH-terminal propeptide (CTPP) present in barley lectin (BL). These two proteins have been found to be transport...

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis are both selective surface internalization processes but have little known mechanistic similarity or interdependence. Here we show that the phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain protein Ced-6, a well-established phagocytosis component that operates as a transducer of so-called "eat-me" signals during engulfment of apoptotic cells and microorganisms,...

Nef, a approximately 200 residue multifunctional regulatory protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), interacts with components of host cell signal transduction and clathrin-dependent protein sorting pathways. The downregulation of surface CD4 molecules and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens by Nef is believed to be important in ...

Sorting of trans-membrane proteins destined for the lysosome is achieved by selective inclusion into post-Golgi transport vesicles. In higher eukaryotes sorting may be mediated by a peptidic motif, principally acidic clusters and tyrosine- or dileucine-based cytoplasmic signals or by inclusion of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) into the N-glycans of lysosomal proteins. In African trypanosomes a major...

As a model system to study protein traffic in polarized epithelial cells, we have used the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. This receptor travels first to the basolateral surface, where it can bind polymeric IgA or IgM. The receptor is then endocytosed and delivered to endosomes. The receptor is sorted into transcytotic vesicles, which are exocytosed at the apical surface. The 103-amino acid ...