We present algorithms for digital signature generation and verification using public key cryptography over an arbitrary group G. The algorithms are similar to those of ElGamal, but do not require a knowledge of the group order. Forging signatures or determining the secret key requires the solution of a discrete logarithm problem over G, or the solution of other problems which appear at least as...

This thesis offers an exploratory investigation of public order policing in the context of events that are staged for members of different types of communities. The research utilises a qualitative case study methodology that combines observational fieldwork conducted during the planning and staging of four events with the interviewing of 27 participants involved in this process. Relative to oth...

IN RECENT YEARS A NUMBER OF HISTORIANS have been at pains to point out that the patterns and nature of public disorders in eighteenth-century Ireland are largely comparable with those that existed elsewhere in contemporary Western Europe. Irish riots and popular protests, it has been suggested, saw ‘a controlled and discriminating use of violence’, and were characterised by their ‘defensive, ri...

in every community, higher values and interests have a special position. in the form of the concept of public order, national legal systems support these higher values and interests against the individual interests and freedom. in these systems, the function of public order is to limit contractual freedom and to prevent from enforcement of foreign law and awards. although the international comm...