The availability of non-reimbursable funds for water supply networks has made the public procurement construction work in this sector particular interest terms performance. purpose research is to identify key issues and patterns emerging from engagement between Romanian contracting entities awarding such contracts economic operators. materialized through rounds clarification requests during off...

This study constructs an oligopoly model in public utilities sector to explore the optimal privatisation policy and factors affecting equilibrium outcomes explores proportion of state-owned shares. We also offer empirical evidence China’s from 1985 2019 prove applicability results. The results show that, depending on product differentiation, cost variance, technical level, nationalisation, part...

Public acceptance of utility programs and initiatives is vital for efficient deployment. Consumer complaints, protests, and lawsuits, can significantly impede progress and cost utilities, cities, and taxpayers money. One recent area where this has become clear is the deployment of smart meters. While the advantages of smart meters are widely accepted by utilities, academics, and governments, so...

Field investigation of 27 medium to small water systems in Ontario Province has revealed a pattern of deviations in operations that is similar to those reported in the United States over the past 25 years. In this recent Ontario survey of water utilities, the key findings were: (1) a need for full cost pricing of public water supply to consumers; (2) better understanding of water treatment trai...

Unidata's network Common Data Form, netCDF, provides users with an e cient set of software for scienti c-data storage, retrieval, and manipulation. The netCDF le format is machine-independent, direct-access, self-describing, and in the public domain, thereby alleviating many problems associated with accessing output from large hydrodynamic models. NetCDF has programming interfaces in both the F...

We acknowledge the valuable contributions of many individuals. Most importantly, we thank Steven Stoft for his participation and insight. We also thank the California Air Resources Board, the California Public Utilities Commission, and E3 for helpful data and methodological clarifications.

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: GPR GPS GIS 3D underground utility mapping Uncertainty modeling Uncertainty-aware visualization Accuracy assessment Underground utility lines being struck is a long-standing problem worldwide, causing public service disruptions, project delays, cost overruns, property damage, injuries, and fatalities that cost billions of dollars each year. Utility strikes are at...

This paper presents a summary of the major lessons learnt from the review of five cases of performance-based contracting in the water sector in three countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA), namely Armenia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. The report also identifies good practices for designing and implementing such contracts. Although the target audience of these Guidelines is de...