Class 1 integrons are mobile gene elements (MGEs) containing qacEΔ1 that are resistant to quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) disinfectants. This study compared the abundances of class 1 integrons and antiseptic resistance genes in municipal (M) and swine slaughterhouse (S) wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and investigated the presence of class 1 integrons and antiseptic resistance genes in m...

We investigate the complexity of deciding, given a multiplication table representing a semigroup S, a subset X of S and an element t of S, whether t can be expressed as a product of elements of X. It is well-known that this problem is NL-complete and that the more general Cayley groupoid membership problem, where the multiplication table is not required to be associative, is P-complete. For gro...

The effects of long-chain (C(12) to C(18)) quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) on the density, heterotrophic activity, and biodegradation capabilities of heterotrophic bacteria were examined in situ in a lake ecosystem. Monoalkyl and dialkyl substituted QACs were tested over a range of concentrations (0.001 to 10 mg/liter) in both acute (3 h) and chronic (21 day) exposures. In general, none of...

PURPOSE To evaluate and compare the toxicological profiles of two quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), benzalkonium chloride (BAK), and cetalkonium chloride (CKC), in standard solution or cationic emulsion formulations in rabbit eyes using newly developed in vivo and ex vivo experimental approaches. METHODS Seventy eyes of 35 adult male New Zealand albino rabbits were used in this study. They...

NTCIR-6 QAC-4 organizers announced that there would be no restriction (such as factoid) on QAC4 questions, but they plan to include many ‘definition’ questions and ‘why’ questions. Therefore, we focused on these two question types. For ‘definition’ questions, we used a simple pattern-based approach. For ‘why’ questions, hand-crafted rules were used in previous work for answer candidate extracti...

This paper describes an question answering system based on syntactic information. Our system extracts answer candidates by ranking of score which shows similarity of syntactic structure. Syntactic structure is estimated based on answer type, density of weighty words, distance between words and depth of parse tree. To analyze syntactic structure, morphological analysis, named entity extraction a...

Quaternary ammonium compounds are antimicrobial chemicals that provide significant public health benefits by controlling bacteria and viruses cause infections such as colds, flu, COVID. The of QACs seen in increased quality-of-life measures, reduced time away from work school medical costs. As active agents, QAC-containing consumer professional products highly regulated authorities the US Envir...

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pericarp contains abundant polyphenols that are suitable materials for developing active packaging films. In this study, 1 wt%, 3 wt% and 5 of litchi extract (LPE) was added into quaternary ammonium chitosan (QAC) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix to develop The structural, physical functional properties QAC-PVA (QP) films were compared with LPE (QP-LPE films) witho...