Radiation hazards have been known for more than 60 years. Only a few months after Rontgen’s discovery in I 895, enthusiasts were burning themselves and their patients by liberal applications of the new X-rays. Soon the dangers of X-rays and radium became all too obvious, or so it seems to us. At the time, few people were much alarmed and no effective measures of control were organized until abo...

Highly radioactive materials are at the core in many useful applications ranging from operating nuclear reactors (including fast breeder reactors) to vitrified high-level waste, which is currently stored and awaiting final disposal into dedicated facilities within deep geological formations [...]

The number of radioactive materials used in radiological facilities around the world requires an effective security system to protect both facility and environment. In these facilities, a Physical Protection System (PPS) is routinely devised implemented from potential adversaries. A physical protection created for hypothetical site thus evaluated against harmful actions posed by possible attack...