Counterfeit pharmaceutical products are a real threat to the health of patients, and to the reputation and commercial success of legitimate producers of genuine products. NIR chemical imaging provides a rapid method for detecting and comparing suspected counterfeit products with no sample preparation. With appropriate choice of operating conditions, multiple samples can be compared simultaneous...

We consider a (not necessarily complete) continuous-time security market with semimartingale prices and general information filtration. In such a setting, we show that the first-order conditions for optimality of an agent maximizing a ‘smooth’ (but not necessarily additive) utility can be formulated as the martingale property of prices, after normalization by a ‘state-price’ process. The latter...

This article looks at the negative images on cash trades of in-game assets in Taiwan, through interview of participants in this activity, we believe the blurring of boundaries between work and play, adulthood and adolescence, real and virtual is what distinguishes this market from previous markets of virtual goods, resulting in its social stigma. We then discuss how the participants confront th...

Reliable measures of biomass, species composition, nitrogen status, and nutritive value provide important indicators the status pastures rangelands, allowing managers to make informed decisions. Traditional methods sample collection necessitate significant investments in time labor. Proximal sensing technologies have potential collect more data with a smaller investment However, protocols for c...

is when per capita production and consumption grow. This may occur when more hours are spent working; but more important, for the long-term, is new technology, which leads to higher rates of extraction and/or more effi cient use of resources. For most nations, economic growth refl ects a concurrent increase in population and per capita production and consumption, all facilitated by the developm...

Rangelands of the United States provide ecosystem services that benefit society and rural economies. Native tree encroachment is often overlooked as a primary threat to rangelands due slow pace cover expansion positive public perception trees. Still, fragments these landscapes reduces herbaceous production, thereby threatening habitat quality for grassland wildlife economic sustainability anima...

The aim of this study is to determine the effect rangeland quality Ankara goats fed on some natural in mohair quality. research was carried out 3 different rangelands province. Crude protein, ether extract, Ca, Fe, N, energy contents and digestibility, vitro gas production, relative feed values good plants were highest compared other rangelands, but crude fiber, acid detergent neutral fiber low...

Let % be a preference relation on a convex set F . Necessary and sufficient conditions are given that guarantee the existence of a set {ul} of affine utility functions on F such that % is represented by U ( f ) = ul ( f ) if f ∈ Fl; where each Fl is a convex subset of F . The interpretation is simple: facing a “non-homogeneous” set F of alternatives, a decision maker splits it into “homogeneous...