The Internet’s current architecture de-couples the cost of sending traffic from the consequences of sending traffic. Its open nature allows anyone to initiate a connection with minimal authentication. These factors account for the excessive consumption caused by spam in the email system and other service areas. At the network layer, resource consumption caused by spam is analogous to Distribute...

Fluctuations in GDP are more synchronized internationally than ßuctuations in Consumption, and they remain so even between Þnancially integrated economies, where the ranking should in theory be the reverse. This paper shows that consumption patterns are more correlated between Þnancially integrated economies. Thus the quantity puzzle must arise from the tendency of Þnancially integrated economi...

Aiming to the imaging tasks scheduling problem on high-altitude airship in emergency condition, the programming models are constructed by analyzing the main constraints, which take the maximum task benefit and the minimum energy consumption as two optimization objectives. Firstly, the hierarchy architecture is adopted to convert this scheduling problem into three subproblems, that is, the task ...

This paper develops a model of differentiated consumers to examine the consumption effects of genetic modification (GM) under alternative labeling regimes and segregation enforcement scenarios. Analytical results show that if consumers perceive GM products as being different than their traditional counterparts, genetic modification affects consumer welfare and, thus, consumption decisions. When...

In Cloud computing, private cloud is a model where resource sharing is becoming more popular now-a-days. The importance of resource sharing has lead to the development of many algorithms. The existing works in the field of resource sharing used many optimization techniques. The two techniques namely Service Composition Optimal Selection (SCOS) and Optimal Allocation of Computing Resources (OACR...

Most existing search engines employ static ranking algorithms that do not adapt to the specific needs of users. Recently, some researchers have studied the use of clickthrough data to adapt a search engine’s ranking function. Clickthrough data indicate for each query the results that are clicked by users. As a kind of implicit relevance feedback information, clickthrough data can easily be coll...

ranking fuzzy numbers plays a very important role in decision making and some other fuzzy application systems. many different methods have been proposed to deal with ranking fuzzy numbers. constructing ranking indexes based on the centroid of fuzzy numbers is an important case. but some weaknesses are found in these indexes. the purpose of this paper is to give a new ranking index to rank vario...

Despite the enormous commercial importance of on-line advertisements (ads), there has been little work done to clarify the basis for ranking and displaying them. Most existing methods rank ads as if the user views each of them in isolation. We will consider a more realistic user model that induces three mutual influences between displayed ads: (i) positional bias (for viewing ads placed higher ...