The aim of this paper is to develop a strategic plan for selecting the best options for the supply of raw material to feed paper producing plants. The decision-making is examined within the framework of benefits, opportunities, costs, and risks (BOCR). A hierarchy is used to prioritize the BOCR, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) ratings approach. A control hierarchy is then created and...

Biodiesel industry requires a cheaper and economical viable raw material that can replace the vegetable oil. Waste from animal and plant sources became the main option due the availability and cheap. In this study, coconut waste is used to produce biodiesel using methanol, acid sulfuric and KOH. In situ process is used, where all the catalyst, reagent and raw material is mixed together in one s...

• Spectral Libraries In this document, we discuss the principles behind the planning, development and implementation of Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopic libraries for raw material identification and qualification. This document considers not only the mechanics of library construction but also the steps in establishing a raw material program. This includes the planning stag...

Lumber, a heterogeneous, anisotropic material produced from sawing logs, contains a varying number of randomly dispersed, unusable areas (defects) distributed over each boards’ surface area. Each board’s quality is determined by the frequency and distribution of these defects and the board’s dimension. Typically, the industry classifies lumber into five quality classes, ranking board quality in...

In this research, marine clays has been studied its potential as a matrix composite materials that tend to be used as alternative materials to concrete. The study shows that marine clays which mixed with appropriate proportion of alkaline activator could have strength requirements for masonry cement. The alkaline activator that been used for the geopolymerisation reaction is sodium silicate and...

Motoo Kimura (1983:xiv) The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution The richness of stone raw material types in an archaeological assemblage, the geographic distances over which those materials were transported, and the technological forms in which they were transported have provided empirical benchmarks for inferring the organization of Paleolithic adaptive strategies (FéblotA NEUTRAL MODEL OF S...

Paper has been made from grasses and other non-wood materials for over 1900 years. Wood is a relatively new papermaking fibre, only 100 years old. Today the commercial non-wood pulp production accounts for 6% of the global pulp production. The main source for the raw material is plants of the Gramineae family. Research on nonwood material has concentrated on grasses like Miscanthus, Phalaris, S...

The basic characteristic of thermal power plants in the Republic of Serbia is that they use low-grade brown coal (lignite) as a fuel. Depending on the location of coal mines, lignite may have different properties such as heating value, moisture, and mineral content, resulting in different residue upon combustion. Because of several million tonnes of ash and slag generated every year, their gran...

This paper studies a short-term berth allocation problem encountered in the Baoshan Iron and Steel complex. A mathematical model is developed for the problem to minimize the total tardiness particularly considering special industrial characteristics. A lower bound derived by performing a Lagrangian relaxation, along with appropriate branching rules, is incorporated into a branch and bound algor...