People learn better when re-study opportunities are replaced with tests. While researchers have begun to speculate on why testing is superior to study, few studies have directly examined the neural underpinnings of this effect. In this fMRI study, participants engaged in a study phase to learn arbitrary word pairs, followed by a cued recall test (recall second half of pair when cued with first ...

The notion that different aspects of memory are assessed by explicit and implicit memory tests was supported by behavioral and electrophysiological results. In a study-test procedure, 24 subjects were instructed to remember some words and to forget other words. Free recall and cued recall were better for words associated with the remember instruction, whereas directed forgetting did not influen...

ion/Executive Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Stroop Test; Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices; Trail Making Test – Trail B Attention Digit Span; Trail Making Test – Trail A; Continuous Performance Task; Iowa Gambling Task Forgetting/Retrieval Wechlser Memory Scale; California Verbal Learning Test – Recall; Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test – Recall; Rey –Osterrieth Complex Figure Test – Recall;...

The aim of the study was to explore if a long reverberation has the same effect on recall of spoken words as background noise was shown to have in a previous study. A further aim was to study the role of working memory capacity for performance in these conditions. Thirty-two subjects performed a word recall and a sentence recognition test. They repeated each word to ensure correct identificatio...

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of test trial and processing level on immediate and delayed retention. A 2 × 2 × 2 mixed ANOVAs was used with two between-subject factors of test trial (single test, repeated test) and processing level (shallow, deep), and one within-subject factor of final recall (immediate, delayed). Seventy-six college students were randomly ass...

The testing effect is the finding that prior retrieval of information from memory will result in better subsequent memory for that material. One explanation for these effects is that initial free recall testing increases the recollective details for tested information, which then becomes more available during a subsequent test phase. In three experiments we explored this hypothesis using a sour...

Twenty-five Ss were shown 10 lists of words, each list followed by a free-recall test. Overt rehearsal of the word lists was required during study and was tape-recorded. Three weeks later Ss returned for a recognition test on these words. Initial recall and three-week delayed recognition were increasing functions of amount of rehearsal accorded the item. The probability of delayed recognition d...