Live recombinant bacteria represent an attractive means to induce both mucosal and systemic immune responses against heterologous antigens. Several models have now been developed and shown to be highly efficient following intranasal immunization. In this review, we describe the two main classes of live recombinant bacteria: generally recognized as safe bacteria and attenuated strains derived fr...

Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan Leishmania parasites that are transmitted through female sandfly bites. The disease is predominantly endemic to the tropics and semi-tropics and has been reported in more than 98 countries. Due to the side effects of anti-Leishmania drugs and the emergence of drug-resistant isolates, there is currently no encouraging prospect of introducing an effective ther...

background: the rh antigens are expressed as parts of a protein complex in the rbc membrane. this complex is a tetramer, consisting of two molecules of rhag and two molecules of rh proteins. to express rhd in rbc membrane, expression of rhag is essential. this co-expression only occurs in the erythroid lineage. k562 cell line has an erythroid lineage. materials and methods: cord blood was used ...

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded, DNA-based swine virus with a genome approximating 150 kb in size. PRV has many nonessential genes which can be replaced with genes encoding heterologous antigens but without deleterious effects on virus propagation. Recombinant PRVs expressing both native and foreign antigens are able to stimulate immune responses. In this paper, we review the curr...

Reactivities of human sera against selected recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results obtained indicate that patients with tuberculosis (TB) do not develop a strong humoral response against PE_PGRS and PPE proteins or against the Ag85B and heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) recombinant antigens. Conversely, purified methyla...

Tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonotic infectious disease common to humans and animals which has been caused by a rod shaped, acid fast bacterium, called Mycobacterium bovis. The rapid and sensitive detection is a great challenge for TB diagnosis. The virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) have 16 different regions of difference (RD) in their genome which encode some important a...

Three recombinant plasmids containing DNA from Borrelia coriaceae, the putative agent of epizootic bovine abortion, expressed antigens in Escherichia coli that reacted with antibodies specific for B. coriaceae. Two of the recombinants each expressed a single high-molecular-weight antigen. The third recombinant expressed three smaller antigens. The DNA inserts were sized and mapped. Hybridizatio...

A gene bank of Treponema pallidum DNA in Escherichia coli K-12 was constructed by cloning SauI-cleaved T. pallidum DNA into the cosmid pHC79. Sixteen of 800 clones investigated produced one or more antigens that reacted with antibodies from syphilitic patients. According to the separation pattern of the antigens produced on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, six different phenotypes we...