PURPOSE To investigate mean ocular refraction (MOR) and astigmatism, over the human age range and compare severity of refractive error to earlier studies from clinical populations having large age ranges. METHODS For this descriptive study patient age, refractive error and history of surgery affecting refraction were abstracted from the Waterloo Eye Study database (WatES). Average MOR, standa...

AIM To study the prevalence, type, and progression of astigmatism in Chinese preschool children, and its effect on refractive development. METHODS A cross sectional study of preschool children was carried out in two randomly selected kindergartens. A cohort study was performed on a subset of children, five years after initial examination. Refractive error (measured by cycloplegic autorefracti...

this work is a report 0/9 cases ofarcuate incision for correction 0/astigmatism, after penetrating keratoplasty. plannings were based ojj corneal topography, and the first operation was always arcuate incision alone. 11,e secondary plans were based on refractive errors. the mean of preoperative astigmatism was 6d with the range of5 to 9/). after arcuate incision a/the graft-host interface in th...

This review discusses the potential for strabismic complications after refractive surgery for hyperopia, myopia, anisomyopia, astigmatism and monovision, and how to avoid these complications. Guidelines are given for assessing patients with strabismus seeking refractive surgery. Screening tests are suggested that lead to stratification of refractive surgery patients into different risk groups e...

BACKGROUND To evaluate and compare the astigmatism prediction errors taken with the Pentacam measurements, Baylor nomogram, and Barrett formula for toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. METHODS Phacoemulsification with toric Precizon IOL implantation was performed in 41 eyes with corneal astigmatism (range, 1 to 5 diopters (D)) determined by IOLMaster and SimK on Pentacam. Preoperative c...

PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of refractive errors in Yazd, central Iran. METHODS This population-based study was performed in 2010-2011 and targeted adults aged 40 to 80 years. Multi-stage random cluster sampling was applied to select samples from urban and rural residents of Yazd. Manifest refraction, visual acuity measurement, retinoscopy and funduscopy were performed for all subject...

PURPOSE To describe the patterns of spectacle use in a population-based sample of Australian Year 1 school children (mostly aged 6 years). METHODS Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity was measured in both eyes before and after pinhole correction, and using spectacles if worn. Cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate) and detailed dilated fundus examination wer...

background: astigmatism is the leading complication in visual recovery after penetrating keratoplasty (pkp) and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (dalk); in this study, we evaluated the outcome of femtosecond laser arcuate keratotomy (flak) after dalk and pkp in iranian keratoconic patients. materials and methods: in this prospective interventional case series, refractive and keratometric pre...

PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the ALLEGRETTO WAVE excimer laser system (WaveLight Laser Technologie AG, Erlangen, Germany) in LASIK for hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism. METHODS One hundred twenty consecutive LASIK cases for hyperopia with or without astigmatism treated with the ALLEGRETTO WAVE excimer laser were prospectively evaluated up to 12 months postoperatively. Pat...

PURPOSE To estimate the prevalence of refractive errors among adult black and white Americans and to identify risk factors associated with these refractive errors. METHODS Refractive error was measured in a population-based sample of black and white adults age 40 or older residing in east Baltimore from 1985 through 1988. Aphakic eyes were excluded from analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of m...