Participants refusal to take part in research is an unpleasant experience that investigators face. This paper highlights some of the reasons why people from resource-poor settings refuse to take part in health research. This paper also highlights standards which investigators can adopt to avoid unnecessary refusals and at the same time ensure that individuals have the right to participate and f...

Process engineering is applied to the design of a new I concept of a municipal incinerator. Each of seven incin· eration process areas are analyzed separately and the equivalent process in the chemical and metallurgical industries examined for proven design features applicable to incineration. Examples of integration of designs for process areas are given. Advantages of this new inciner­ ator c...

BACKGROUND A significant interest in spatial epidemiology lies in identifying associated risk factors which enhances the risk of infection. Most studies, however, make no, or limited use of the spatial structure of the data, as well as possible nonlinear effects of the risk factors. METHODS We develop a Bayesian Structured Additive Regression model for cholera epidemic data. Model estimation ...

The total annual flows of elements and energy in tree leaf litter fall and in leaf materials harvested from trees by the leafcutting ant Atta colombica Guerin are compared in order to estimate the fractions of the flows controlled by the ants. Flows of mineral elements through colonies were estimated by determining mineral element content of organic refuse from the colonies which had accumulate...